Mutual assured destruction or mutually assured destruction MAD is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender see pre-emptive nuclear strike and second strike.

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The strategy is a form of Nash equilibrium in which, once armed, neither side has any incentive to initiate a conflict or to disarm. The MAD doctrine assumes that each side has enough nuclear weaponry to destroy the other side and that either side, if attacked for any reason by the other, would retaliate without fail with equal or greater force. The expected result is an immediate, irreversible escalation of hostilities resulting in both combatants' mutual, total, and assured destruction.

The doctrine requires that neither side construct shelters on a massive scale. If one side constructed a similar system of shelters, it would violate the MAD doctrine and destabilize the situation, because it would not have to fear the consequences of a second strike.

The doctrine further assumes that neither side will dare to launch a first strike because the other side would launch on warning also called fail-deadly or with surviving forces a second strikeresulting in unacceptable losses for both parties. The payoff of the MAD doctrine was and still is expected to be a tense but stable global peace.

The primary application of this doctrine started during the Cold War s toin which MAD was seen as helping to prevent any direct full-scale conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union while they engaged in smaller proxy wars around the world.

It was also responsible for the arms raceas both nations struggled to keep nuclear parity, or at least retain second-strike capability. Although the Cold War ended in the early s, the MAD doctrine continues to be applied.

Proponents of MAD as part of U. Since the credibility of the threat is critical to such assurance, each side had to invest substantial capital in their nuclear arsenals even if they were not intended for use. In addition, neither side could be expected or allowed to adequately defend itself against the other's nuclear missiles. This MAD scenario is often referred to as nuclear deterrence.

The term "deterrence" was first used in this context after World War II ; prior to that time, its use was limited to legal terminology. One of the earliest references to the concept comes from the English author Wilkie Collinswriting at the time of the Franco-Prussian War in Richard Jordan Gatling patented his namesake rotary gun in with the partial intention of illustrating the futility of war. After his invention of dynamiteAlfred Nobel stated that "The day when two army corps can annihilate each other in one second, all civilized nations, it is to be hoped, will recoil from war and discharge their troops.

Jan Gotlib Bloch in The Future of Warpublished inargued that the state could not fight a war "under modern conditions with any prospect of being able to carry that war to a conclusion by defeating its adversary by force of arms on the battlefield.

No decisive war is possible that will not entail even upon the victorious Power, the destruction of its resources and the breakup of society. War has therefore become impossible, except at the price of suicide. InNikola Tesla published The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media[8] a treatise concerning charged particle beam weapons.

In Marchthe Frisch—Peierls memorandum anticipated deterrence as the principal means of combating an enemy with nuclear weapons. In Augustthe United States accepted the surrender of Japan after the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Four years later, on August 29,the Soviet Union detonated its own nuclear device. At the time, both sides lacked the means to effectively use nuclear devices against each other. However, with the development of aircraft like the American Convair B and the Soviet Tupolev Tuboth sides were gaining a greater ability to deliver nuclear weapons into the interior of the opposing country. The official nuclear policy of the United States became one of " massive retaliation ", as coined by President Dwight D.

Eisenhower 's Secretary of State John Foster Dulleswhich called for massive attack against the Soviet Union if they were to invade Europe, regardless of whether it was a conventional or a nuclear attack. By the time of the Cuban Missile Crisisboth the United States and the Soviet Union had developed the capability of launching a nuclear-tipped missile from a submerged submarine, which completed the third leg of the nuclear triad weapons strategy necessary to fully implement the MAD doctrine.

Having a three-branched nuclear capability eliminated the possibility that an enemy could destroy all of a nation's nuclear forces in a first-strike attack; this, in turn, ensured the credible threat of a devastating retaliatory strike against the aggressor, increasing a nation's nuclear deterrence.

The strategy of Mutually Assured Destruction and the acronym MAD are due to John von Neumann — [14] and his taste for humorous acronyms, another example being his MANIAC computer. He was, among other things, an inventor of game theorya cold war strategist, and chairman of the Intercontinental ballistic missile Committee until his death in The RAND corporation futurist and cold war strategist Herman Kahn — believed that although MAD was useful as a metaphor, when pushed to its logical conclusion it became absurd.

In his book On Thermonuclear War he advocated a more reasoned approach to nuclear warfare and was misunderstood by some of his critics to be a nuclear war hawk in his writings.

He did however hold a profound belief in the possibility of success in the event of a nuclear war. He used the concept of the Doomsday Machine as an "idealized almost caricaturized device" [15] to illustrate the danger of taking MAD to its extreme.

He writes, "I used to be wary of discussing the concept for fear that some colonel would get out a General Operating Requirement or Development Planning Objective for the device". The film Dr. Strangelove parodies some of Kahn's work, and the titular character makes parodic references to Kahn's research, as in this quote from the film after the United States mistakenly launched a nuclear attack on the USSR: Based on the findings of the report, my conclusion was that this idea was not a practical deterrent, for reasons which, at this moment, must be all too obvious.

Sometime in the s, a second, but real, doomsday device, called The Dead Handentered the picture in the Soviet Union. Unlike Kahn's device, it was not based on radioactive cobalt, but it was self-activated and could not be stopped. Beginning inthe United States Strategic Air Command SAC kept one-third of its bombers on alert, with crews ready to take off within fifteen minutes and fly to designated targets inside the Soviet Union and destroy them with nuclear bombs in the event of a Soviet first-strike attack on the United States.

InPresident John F. Kennedy increased funding for this program and raised the commitment to 50 percent of SAC aircraft. During periods of increased tension in the early s, SAC kept part of its B fleet airborne at all times, to allow an extremely fast retaliatory strike against the Soviet Union in the event of a surprise attack on the United States.

This program continued until when the bomber wings were placed on quick reaction ground alert and were able to take off within a few minutes. SAC also maintained the National Emergency Airborne Command Post NEACP, pronounced "kneecap"also known as "Looking Glass," which consisted of several ECs, one of which was airborne at all times from through During the Cuban missile crisis the bombers were dispersed to several different airfields, and also were sometimes airborne.

For example, some were sent to Wright Pattersonwhich normally didn't have Bs. During the height of the tensions between the US and the USSR in the s, two popular films were made dealing with what could go terribly wrong with the policy of keeping nuclear-bomb carrying airplanes at the ready: Strangelove and Fail Safe The strategy of MAD was fully declared in the early s, primarily by United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.

In McNamara's formulation there was the very real danger that a nation with nuclear weapons could attempt to eliminate another nation's retaliatory forces with a surprise, devastating first strike and theoretically "win" a nuclear war relatively unharmed. True second-strike capability could be achieved only when a nation had a guaranteed ability to fully retaliate after a first-strike attack. The United States had achieved an early form of second-strike capability online trading option forex india mumbai fielding continual patrols of strategic nuclear bombers, with a large number of planes always in the air, on their way to or from fail-safe points close to the borders of the Soviet Union.

This meant the United States could still retaliate, even after a devastating first-strike attack. The tactic was expensive and problematic because of the high cost of keeping enough planes in the air at all times and the possibility they would be shot down by Soviet anti-aircraft missiles before reaching their targets. In addition, as the idea of a missile gap existing between the US and the Soviet Union developed, there was increasing priority being given to ICBMs over bombers. It was only with the advent of ballistic missile submarinesstarting with the George Washington class inthat a genuine survivable nuclear force became possible and a retaliatory second strike capability guaranteed.

The deployment of fleets of ballistic missile submarines established a guaranteed second-strike capability because of their stealth and by the number fielded by each Cold War adversary—it was highly unlikely that all of them could be targeted and preemptively destroyed in contrast generic grand strategy options employment relations, for example, a missile silo with a fixed location that could be targeted during a first strike.

Given their long range, high survivability and ability to carry many medium- and long-range nuclear missiles, submarines were credible historical charts of nifty options effective means for full-scale retaliation even after a massive first strike. This deterrence strategy and program has continued into the 21st century, with nuclear submarines carrying Trident II ballistic missiles as one leg of the U.

The USA's other such deterrent comprises the intercontinental ballistic missiles ICBM s on alert in the continental United States. Ballistic missile submarines are also operated by the navies of China, France, India and Russia.

Department of Defense anticipates a continued need for a sea-based strategic nuclear force. Navy is exploring two options. The first is buy and hold stock picks variant of the Virginia -class nuclear attack submarines.

The second is a dedicated SSBN, either with a new hull or based on an overhaul of the current Ohio -class. In the s both the Soviet Union A anti-ballistic missile system and the United States LIM Nike Zeus developed anti-ballistic missile systems. Had such systems been able to effectively defend against a retaliatory second strikeMAD would have been undermined, because a superpower could launch a first strike without fearing the consequences of a retaliatory second strike. See also Strategic Defense Initiative.

The multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle MIRV was another weapons system designed specifically to aid with the MAD nuclear deterrence doctrine. With a MIRV payload, one ICBM could hold many separate warheads. MIRVs were first created by the United States in order to counterbalance Soviet anti-ballistic missile systems around Moscow.

Since each defensive missile could be counted on to destroy only one offensive missile, making each offensive missile have, for example, three warheads as with early MIRV systems meant that three times as many defensive missiles were needed for each offensive missile. This made defending against missile attacks more costly and difficult. One of the largest U. MIRVed missiles, the LGMA Peacekeepercould hold up to 10 warheads, each with a yield of around kilotons of TNT 1.

The multiple warheads made defense untenable with the available technology, leaving the threat of retaliatory attack as the only viable defensive option. MIRVed land-based ICBMs tend to put a premium on striking first.

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The START II agreement was proposed to ban this type of weapon, but never entered into force. In the event of a Soviet conventional attack on Western EuropeNATO planned to use tactical nuclear weapons.

The Soviet Union countered this threat by issuing a statement that any use of nuclear weapons tactical or otherwise against Soviet forces would be grounds for a full-scale Soviet retaliatory strike massive retaliation. Thus it was generally assumed that any combat in Europe would end with apocalyptic conclusions. MIRVed land-based ICBMs are generally considered suitable for a first strike inherently counterforce the upside on a call option is unlimited a counterforce second strikedue to:.

Unlike a decapitation strike or a countervalue strikea counterforce strike might result in a potentially more constrained retaliation.

Though the Minuteman III of the mids was MIRVed with three warheads, heavily MIRVed vehicles threatened to upset the balance; these included the SS Satan which was deployed inand was considered to threaten Minuteman III silos, which led some neoconservatives to conclude a Soviet first strike was being prepared for. This led to the development of the aforementioned Pershing IIthe Trident I and Trident IIas well as the MX missileand the B-1 Lancer.

MIRVed land-based ICBMs bse india forex considered destabilizing because they tend to put a premium on striking first.

When a missile is MIRVed, it is able to carry many warheads up to eight in existing U. If it is assumed that each side binary option traders missiles, with five warheads each, and further that each side has a 95 percent chance of neutralizing the opponent's missiles in their silos by firing two warheads at each silo, then the attacking side can reduce the enemy ICBM force from missiles to about five by firing 40 missiles with warheads, and keeping the rest of 60 missiles in reserve.

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As such, this type of weapon was intended to be banned under the START II agreement; however, the START II agreement was never brought into force, and neither Russia nor the United States ratified the agreement. MAD doctrine was modified on July 25,with U. According to its architect, Secretary of Defense Harold Brown"countervailing strategy" stressed that the planned response to a Soviet attack was no longer to bomb Soviet population centers and cities primarily, but first to kill the Soviet leadership, then attack military targets, in the hope of a Soviet surrender before total destruction of the Soviet Union and the United Vecm stockmarket exchangerate oil prices. This modified version of Stock broker cv example was seen as a winnable nuclear war, while still maintaining the possibility of assured destruction for at least one party.

This policy was further developed by the Reagan administration with the announcement of the Strategic Defense Initiative SDI, nicknamed "Star Wars"the goal of which was to develop space-based technology to destroy Soviet missiles before they reached the United States. SDI was criticized by both the Soviets and many of America's allies including Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher because, were it ever operational and effective, it would have undermined the "assured destruction" required for MAD.

If the United States had a guarantee against Soviet nuclear attacks, its critics argued, it would have first-strike capability, which would have been a politically and militarily destabilizing position. Critics further argued that it could trigger a new arms race, this time to develop countermeasures for SDI. Despite its promise of nuclear safety, SDI was described by many of its critics including Soviet nuclear physicist and later peace activist Andrei Sakharov as being even more dangerous than MAD because of these political implications.

Supporters also argued that SDI could trigger a new arms race, forcing the USSR to spend an increasing proportion of GDP on defense—something which has been claimed to have been an indirect cause of the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union. Proponents of ballistic missile defense BMD argue that MAD is exceptionally dangerous in that it essentially offers a single course of action in the event of nuclear attack: The fact that nuclear proliferation has led to an increase in the number of nations in the " nuclear club ", including nations of questionable stability e.

Pakistan and North Koreaand that a nuclear how to make money pking might be hijacked by a despot or other person or persons who might use nuclear weapons without a sane regard for the consequences, presents a strong case for proponents of BMD who seek a policy which both protects against attack, but also does breakthrough a consistent daily options trading strategy require an escalation into what might become global nuclear war.

Russia continues to have a strong public distaste for Western BMD initiatives, presumably because proprietary operative BMD systems could exceed their technical and financial resources and glossary trading stocks terms degrade their larger military standing and sense of security in a post-MAD environment. Russian refusal to accept invitations to participate in NATO BMD may be indicative of the lack of an alternative to MAD in current Russian war fighting strategy due to dilapidation of conventional forces after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

After the fall of the Soviet Unionthe Russian Federation emerged as a sovereign entity encompassing most of the territory of the former USSR.

Relations between the United States and this new power have been less tense than they had been with its predecessor. Tensions also decreased between the United States and China. The administration of U. Bush withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in Juneclaiming that the limited national missile defense system which they proposed to build was designed only to prevent nuclear blackmail by a state with limited nuclear capability and was not planned to alter the nuclear posture between Russia and the United States.

While relations have improved and an intentional nuclear exchange is more unlikely, the decay in Russian nuclear capability in the post-Cold War era may have had an effect on the continued viability of the MAD doctrine. A article by Keir Lieber and Daryl Press stated that the United States could carry out a nuclear first strike on Russia and would "have a good chance of destroying every Russian bomber base, submarine, and ICBM.

Lieber and Press argued that the MAD era is coming to an end and that the United States is on the cusp of global nuclear primacy.

However, in a follow-up article in the same publication, others criticized the analysis, including Peter Flory, the U. Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy, who began by writing "The essay by Keir Lieber and Daryl Press contains so many errors, on a topic of such gravity, that a Department of Defense response is required to correct the record.

A situation in which the United States might actually be expected to carry out a "successful" attack is perceived as a disadvantage for both countries. The strategic balance between the United States and Russia is becoming less stable, and the objective, technical possibility of a first strike by the United States is increasing. At a time of crisis, this instability could lead to an accidental nuclear war. For example, if Russia feared a U.

An outline of current U. Whether MAD was the officially accepted doctrine of the United States military during the Cold War is largely a matter of interpretation. The United States Air Forcefor example, has retrospectively contended that it never advocated MAD as a sole strategy, and that this form of deterrence was seen as one of numerous options in U.

However, according to a declassified Strategic Air Command study, U. To continue to deter in an era of strategic nuclear equivalence, it is necessary to have nuclear as well as conventional forces such that in considering aggression against our interests any adversary would recognize that no plausible outcome would represent a victory or any plausible definition of victory.

To this end and so as to preserve the possibility of bargaining effectively to terminate the war on acceptable terms that are as favorable as practical, if deterrence fails initially, we must be capable of fighting successfully so that the adversary would not achieve his war aims and would suffer costs that are unacceptable, or in any event greater than his gains, from having initiated an attack.

The doctrine of MAD was officially at odds with that of the USSRwhich had, contrary to MAD, insisted survival was possible. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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